History of Mathematics

 History of Mathematics

        Mathematics In Ancient Egypt

Mathematics, the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation, and its development has involved an increasing degree of idealization and abstraction of its subject matter. Since the 17th century, mathematics has been an indispensable adjunct to the physical sciences and technology, and in more recent times it has assumed a similar role in the quantitative aspects of the life sciences.

In many cultures under the stimulus of the needs of practical pursuits, such as commerce and agriculture mathematics has developed far beyond basic counting. This growth has been greatest in societies complex enough to sustain these activities and to provide leisure for contemplation and the opportunity to build on the achievements of earlier mathematicians.

This article offers a history of mathematics from ancient times to the present. As a consequence of the exponential growth of science, most mathematics has developed since the 15th century CE, and it is a historical fact that, from the 15th century to the late 20th century, new developments in mathematics were largely concentrated in Europe and North America. For these reasons, the bulk of this article is devoted to European developments since 1500.

Greek Mathematics

The Greeks divided the field of mathematics into arithmetic (the study of “multitude,” or discrete quantity) and geometry (that of “magnitude,” or continuous quantity) and considered both to have originated in practical activities. Proclus, in his Commentary on Euclid, observes that geometry literally, “measurement of land” first arose in surveying practices among the ancient Egyptians, for the flooding of the Nile compelled them each year to redefine the boundaries of properties. Similarly, arithmetic started with the commerce and trade of Phoenician merchants. Although Proclus wrote quite late in the ancient period (in the 5th century CE), his account drew upon views proposed much earlier by Herodotus (mid-5th century BCE), for example, and by Eudemus, a disciple of Aristotle (late 4th century BCE).

Mathematics In The Islamic World (8th–15th Century)

In Hellenistic times and in late antiquity, scientific learning in the eastern part of the Roman world was spread over a variety of centres, and Justinian’s closing of the pagan academies in Athens in 529 gave further impetus to this diffusion. An additional factor was the translation and study of Greek scientific and philosophical texts sponsored both by monastic centres of the various Christian churches in the Levant, Egypt, and Mesopotamia and by enlightened rulers of the Sāsānian dynasty in places like the medical school at Gondeshapur.

     https://www.britannica.com/science/mathematics

    In the above gives the following details:

1. Ancient Mathematical Sources
2. Mathematics In Ancient Mesopotamia
3. The numeral system and arithmetic operations
4. Geometric and algebraic problems
5. Mathematical astronomy
6. Mathematics In Ancient Egypt
7. The numeral system and arithmetic operations
8. Geometry 
9. Assessment of Egyptian mathematics
10. The development of pure mathematics
11. Geometry in the 3rd century BCE
12. Later trends in geometry and arithmetic
13. Mathematics In The Islamic World (8th–15th Century) 
14. & Etc.......................